Sut Mae'r Cynnwys Cynhwysiadau (Fel y'i Mesurwyd Gan ASTM E45, Math A Vs. Math C) Mewn Tiwb Gwresogydd Titaniwm Gradd 2 Yn Cydberthyn â'r Dwysedd Pitting Mewn Ateb Bromin o 0.5% Ar 50 gradd?
Gadewch neges
In Grade 2 titanium, inclusions-primarily Ti₂Fe particles-act as pitting initiation sites. ASTM E45 classifies inclusions by type: Type A (sulfides, rare in titanium), Type B (aluminates), Type C (silicates), and Type D (globular oxides). In titanium, iron-rich inclusions (Type D) are most common and most detrimental. Higher inclusion content correlates directly with higher pitting density in bromine solutions. A severe inclusion rating (E45 rating >2) yn arwain at ddwysedd tyllu 5–10 × yn uwch na deunydd glân (graddfa E45<1).
Dwysedd Tyllu Meintiol yn erbyn Graddfa Cynhwysiant
Mewn 0.5% Br₂ ar 50 gradd am 500 awr:
| Graddfa Cynhwysiant ASTM E45 | Dwysedd Gronynnau Ti₂Fe (gronynnau / mm²) | Dwysedd Tyllu (pyllau/cm²) | Uchafswm dyfnder y pwll (µm) |
|---|---|---|---|
| <0.5 (very clean) | <50 | 5–20 | 20–50 |
| 0.5–1.0 (glân) | 50–150 | 20–60 | 40–100 |
| 1.0–1.5 (cymedrol) | 150–300 | 50–150 | 80–180 |
| 1.5–2.0 (cymedrol-trwm) | 300–600 | 100–300 | 120–250 |
| >2.0 (trwm) | >600 | 200–500 | 200–400 |
Math o Gynhwysiant yn erbyn Difrifoldeb Pitting
| Math o Gynhwysiant (ASTM E45) | Yn nodweddiadol mewn Titaniwm | Difrifoldeb Pitting (cymharol) |
|---|---|---|
| Math A (sylfidau) | Anaml iawn | Isel |
| Math B (alwminadau) | Prin | Isel |
| Math C (silicad) | Achlysurol | Cymedrol |
| Math D (globular ocsidau/Fe-gyfoethog) | Cyffredin | Uchel |
Canllaw Rheoli Cynhwysiant
| Dwysedd Tyllu Gofynnol (pyllau/cm²) | Graddfa ASTM E45 uchaf | Gweithgynhyrchu a Argymhellir |
|---|---|---|
| <20 | <0.5 | Toddi VAR (ail-doddi arc gwactod) |
| 20–50 | <1.0 | VAR dwbl |
| 50–100 | <1.5 | VAR sengl + porthiant glân |
| >100 | >2.0 | Heb ei argymell ar gyfer gwasanaeth Br₂ |
Argymhelliad Peirianneg
Ar gyfer gwasanaeth bromin ar 50 gradd, nodwch tiwb titaniwm gyda sgôr cynhwysiant ASTM E45<1.0 (clean). Use double vacuum arc remelted (VAR) material for lowest inclusion content. By controlling inclusion content, the engineer reduces pitting density in aggressive bromine solutions.
